One in seven employees in our sample (14% 38 out of 281) reported engaging in at least one of six offenses (theft in the workplace, falsification of documents, computer fraud, bribe offering, bribe accepting, and white-collar exploitation) in the 12 months prior to their survey response. In this paper, we use the self-report method for measuring crime to (a) estimate the prevalence, incidence, seriousness, and versatility of occupational offending in casinos in Macau, China-the largest casino gambling location in the world and (b) identify characteristics which correlate with that offending. It is virtually impossible to accurately measure employee theft across the casino industry using official statistics. Finally, we list a number of specific recommendations for future researchers utilising internet-mediated approaches to researching hidden populations. We also found that although perceived anonymity is routinely assumed to be a benefit of using digital research methodologies, there are significant limits to research participant anonymity in the current era of mass digital surveillance, especially when the target group is particularly concerned about evading law enforcement. Through this process, we learnt that there are trade-offs between hosting multiple surveys in each country versus using one integrated database. While respondents recruited through news articles were older, growing practice variables were strikingly similar between these main recruitment modes. The most effective recruitment modes were cannabis websites/groups (33%), Facebook (14%) and news articles (11%). English-speaking countries expended more effort to recruit participants than non-English-speaking countries.

Over three quarters of eligible respondents who were presented with the survey were included in the final sample of n = 6,528. In this paper, we describe and reflect upon our methodological approach, focusing on the digital and traditional recruitment methods used to access this hidden population and the challenges of working across multiple countries, cultures and languages.ĭescriptive statistics showing eligibility and completion rates and recruitment source by country of residence. The Global Cannabis Cultivation Research Consortium has used the ICCQ to survey over 6,000 cannabis cultivators across 11 countries. The International Cannabis Cultivation Questionnaire (ICCQ) is an online survey designed to facilitate international comparisons into the relatively under-researched but increasingly significant phenomenon of domestic cannabis cultivation. Internet-mediated research methods are increasingly used to access hidden populations.

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